“Quantum computing is a theory of computation based on quantum mechanics principles such as superposition and entanglement instead of classical computing principles such as a Turing machine or lambda calculus.”
Before we dive into the Quantum world, let’s recap and refresh our knowledge about computers we are using right now, shall we?
How Classical Computers Work?
The computer you are using right now understands and works with binary systems i.e 0s and 1s.
These 0s and 1s are also called bits which is a fundamental data type in computer science. These bits are represented by high and low voltage of electricity.
The high voltage is 1, low voltage is 0.
These bits are then used with various logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NOT, etc to perform the operations on the input to try to achieve certain output.
The transistors are equipped with these logic gates and with the advancements of technology especially in circuit boards, we now have a tiny laptop that can perform some amazing level of computation.
In our computers, at one particular time, the particular operation (could be anything, from math to the click of a mouse) returns either 0 or 1 (in boolean, true or false).
That means, our computers can hold one state at a particular time – either 0 or 1. Please read this statement again. It’s important.
We build supercomputers using the same computing philosophy that your machine is running right now and it worked pretty well.
So when everything is smooth, why do we need a Quantum computer or another computing principle?
The Need For Quantum Computing
As I have mentioned above, our computers at a particular time can be in one state – 0 or 1. In order to speed it up, we add more transistors and circuits to enhance computation power. And this is a limitation, we just can’t keep adding more logic gates to solve problems that we are facing now.
Due to the mass reach of the technology, the data generation is huge and that provides an opportunity to build systems that can better humanity in various ways. For example, the evolution of huge data sets of cancer patients can help us study cancer way better and there are many more such scenarios.
While we can solve these issues with our existing computers but it will take time, a lot of time and to save time, we either need to increase our hardware in an enormous way or figure out another way to perform such complex computation.
Another way is Quantum computing.
What Is Quantum Computing
In Quantum computing, we used quantum principles such as superposition and entanglement to represent data and perform operations on it. These principles allows quantum computers to process massive and complex datasets faster than classical computers.
While Quantum superposition and entanglement is another research topic of its own. I will just give you a little brief on it in layman's words.
Superposition principle in Quantum computing states that a system can be in multiple states at the same time.
It can be either in a state of 0 or 1 or it can be in a state of 0 and 1 at the same time.
Superposition also states that quantum states can be added together or superposed to form another quantum state. This is a simple explanation I can give at the moment.
Entanglement is a quantum principle that states the correlation between quantum bits
By using these two principles i.e superposition and entanglement, a quantum computer can perform really heavy computations in a short period of time.
Imagine this, your computer can work with either 0s and 1s, a quantum computer has the advantages to work with 0s and 1s, superposition of 0s and 1s at the same time.
How Quantum Computers Look Like
Here is a picture of a Quantum computer developed by Google.
Looks pretty weird right?
Google also developed the processor chip that they are calling “Sycamore” that performs operations on Qubits.
Bits vs Qubits
Our computer works on bits i.e 0s and 1s and Quantum computers works on Qubit. So what’s the difference?
Well, nothing major, like I mentioned above that Quantum bits can be multiple states at the same time, that’s Qubit.
What can a Quantum Computer Do? For starters, it can factor large numbers pretty quickly. I mean a classical computer can do this as well but when the number is very large, say 1000 digits, then classical computers simply take way too much time or can’t do it at all. While a Quantum computer can do that pretty quickly.
This is also termed as “Quantum supremacy” i.e tasks which classical computers simply can’t do or takes way too much time is done by Quantum computers in a short span of time.
You may ask why would I want to factor such large numbers and build a Quantum computer to do that? You are right, I would say that too. Factoring large number problem is just a showcase of what a Quantum computer can do. Consider it like a “Hello World” program of Quantum computers.
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